PASSIVE VOICE, CAUSATIVE VERB AND RELATIVE PRONOUN

PASSIVE VOICE

           Passive sentences or commonly known as Voice or Passive Passive Sentence or some call Passive Forms is one form of a sentence in English. In a nutshell definition of Passive Voice mean a transitive verb forms which are the subject of English grammar berpelaku sentence as 'patients', ie that receives the action of a job. Passive sentences are generally contrasted with Active Sentences or commonly known as the Active Voice, this phrase means a transitive verb form in which the subject of the sentence berpelaku as 'agents', ie the action of a job.

The shape of the Passive Voice (passive voice) is: TO BE / BE + VERB 3

In the passive form of the sentence, usually followed by the phrase "by".

1.      Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity that takes place / happening at the current time in a simple form, activity or work performed repeatedly, daily habits, events or actions that have nothing to do with time, and to express a general truth.

Simple Present Tense use this type of "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1"

TO BE 1 consisting of: am, is, are (for more information, see the following table)

I	Am
You	Are
They
We
He	Is
She
It

I	Do / Don't
You
They
We
He She It	Does / Doesn't

NOTE:
DO and DOES use the interrogative sentence.
DO NOT (DO NOT) and DOES NOT (DOES NOT) used in negative sentences.
1 TO BE (am, is, are) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB)

Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Present Tense

Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 1 + Object
-	Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
?	DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
?	Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Example:

+	I speak English everyday She speaks English everyday
-	I don't speak English She doesn't speak English
?	Do you speak English? Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't Does she speak English? Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
?	Why do you speak English everyday ?

2.      Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity that occurred in the past and the events of the time it has been known.

Simple Past Tense using the type of "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2"
TO BE 2 consists of: was and were (for more information, see the following table)

I	Was
You	Were
They
We
He	Was
She
It

I	Did / Didn't
You
They
We
He She It

NOTE:
DID use the interrogative sentence.
DID NOT (DID) is used in a negative sentence.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were) is used when a sentence no verb element (NON VERB)
VERB 2 is only used in positive sentences only.

Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Past Tense

Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 2 + Object
-	Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
?	DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
?	Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Example:

+	He bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
-	He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
?	Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday? Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
?	Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?

3.      Present Progressive Tense

Present Progressive Tense is the tense used to express an action, state or event that was happening at the time discussed.

NOTE:
On the use of Present Progressive Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb + ing).
Present Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE 1".

Formulas and Example Sentence Present Progressive Tense

+	Subject + To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	We are studying now.
-	We are not (aren't) studying now.
?	Are you studying now? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau I, am not
?	What are you doing? Jawaban: I am studying now Who is studying English? Jawaban: She is studying English

4.      Past Progressive Tense 

Past Progressive Tense is the tense that is used to indicate that two events occur at the same time, but the incident occurred earlier and was still in progress when the second incident occurred.

NOTE :
On the use of Past Progressive Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb + ing). Progressive Tense Past tense using the type of "TO BE 2" (was / were).


Was to subject: I, she, he, it.
Were on the subject: you, they, we.

Formulas and Examples of Past Progressive Tense

+	Subject + To be 2 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	I was walking down the street when it began to rain. When i was in the park, the sun was shining.
-	It was not raining when i went to the market last night. They were not playing football when you were not at home.
?	Was he studying when I arrived at home? Jawaban: Yes he was, atau he, was not
?	Why were you reading that book? What was she doing with this document when all the staff went home?

5.      Present Perfect Tense 

Present Perfect Tense is the tense used to express an action, state or event that happened in the past. And at the time of speaking activities / actions have been completed.


Present Perfect Tense using the type of "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"
TO BE 3 is: been (for more information, see the following table)

I	been
You
They
We
He
She
It

I	Have
You
They
We
He She It	Has

NOTE

TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB)
For all types of sentences, whether positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect Tense using the VERB 3

Formulas and Example Sentence Present Perfect Tense

Expressing the Present Perfect Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
-	Subject + Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
?	Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
?	Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?

Example :

+	I have lived here for 2 years.
-	I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
?	Have you lived here for 2 years? Jawaban: Yes I have, atau I, have not (haven't)
?	Why Have you lived here for 2 years? Who has killed her father?

6.      Past perfect tense is a verb form that is used to declare that an action has been completed at some point in the past before another action occurs. Action which has been completed in the past it may occur repeatedly or only once. In addition, the past perfect tense can also be used to establish if the type 3 conditionals and reported speech.


The formula Past Perfect Tense

  Past perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary verb "had", and the past participle (verb-3)​​. Had used for both singular and plural subjects. While past participle can be either regular or irregular verb.

Thus the formula of past perfect tense for the sentence are positive, negative, and interrogative is as follows.

Kalimat	Rumus Past Perfect Tense	Contoh Past Perfect Tense
positif (+)	S + had + Verb-3/past participle	My brother had slept
		They had come
negatif (-)	S + had + not + Verb-3/past participle	My brother hadn’t slept
		They hadn’t come
interogatif (?)	had + S + Verb-3/past participle	Had my brother come
		Had they come

 CAUSATIVE VERBS

      Causative verb is a verb that is used to indicate that the subject is not directly responsible for the action that occurred, but someone or something else that is doing the action.

Functions & Formulas Causative Verbs

Causative verb phrase is divided into two kinds, namely active (active) and passive (passive). In active sentences causative verb, an agent who worked on the action are known. In contrast, the causative verb passive sentence, the agent is usually not mentioned.

Let, make, have, and get a causative verb in common use, there is an action that uses the bare infinitive verb form (infinitive without to) and some are to the infinitive.

Examples of Causative Verbs: Active and Passive

Some examples of causative verbs in the active and passive structure is as follows.

Rumus	Verbs	Contoh Causative Verbs
Active Causative Verbs	have-had	Lala had her friend take her result test.
		The student had the teacher speak slowly.
	get-got	She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
		The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
	make-made	The woman made her daughter eat up the tomatoes.
		The manager makes her staff work hard.
	let	My father lets me choose my own future carrier.
		The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
Passive Causative Verbs	have-had	I had my house renovated last week.
		He had his book returned as soon as possible.
	get-got	Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
		Yulia got her bedroom cleane

 RELATIVE PRONOUN

          Relative Pronoun is a pronoun to form a noun that describes the relative clause in the main clause of a complex sentence. In the relative clause, the relative pronoun can function as subject, object, or possessive pronoun is where the there is no difference in the number (singular or plural) and gender (male or female). These pronouns include: who, Whom, Whose, roomates, and that indefinite pronoun and the suffix-ever, namely: whoever, whomever, and whichever.

Formulas Relative Clause and Complex Sentence

The relative pronoun is part of a relative clause that can not stand alone, but are in the complex sentence (complex sentence). While complex sentence is a combination of the independent clause (complete sentence) and the subordinate clause (relative clause). For more details picture, can be seen in the following formula.

Relative Clause = Relative Pronoun +/- Subject + Verb Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Relative Clause

Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun

Adapun contoh relative pronoun (bold) pada relative clause (garis bawah) di dalam complex sentence dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Relative Pronoun	Keterangan	Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun	Keterangan
who  (siapa) whoever  (siapapun)	Relative pronoun ini berfungsi menghubungkan noun berupa orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan verb pada adjective clause. Di dalam adjective clause, relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai subjek atau objek.	The boy who is playing football on the yard is my neighbour. (Anak yang sedang bermain sepakbola di lapangan adalah tetanggaku.)	Who merupakan subjek dari verb= is playing dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= the boy.
		I looked for the man who borrowed me money. (Saya mencari pria yang meminjami saya uang.)	Who merupakan subjek dari verb= borrowed dan memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan the man.
which  (yang mana) whichever  (yang manapun)	Berfungsi menghubungkan noun benda, binatang, atau kadang-kadang orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan adjective clause. Which lebih spesifik dari what. Di dalam adjective clause, relative pronoun ini merujuk kepada subjek atau objek.	The table which was made of oak wood has broken. (Meja yang dibuat dari kayu oak sudah patah.)	Which merupakan subjek dari verb=was made dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= the table.
		He always eats bread whichever he likes. (Dia selalu makan rotu yang manapun dia suka.)	Whichever merupakan objek dari verb= likes dan memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan direct object= bread.
whose  (punya / milik siapa)	Relative pronoun ini berfungsi untuk menyatakan kepemilikan terhadap benda maupun orang yang diterangkan pada bagian klausa-nya.	The woman whose car I want to buy is my old friend. (Wanita yang mobilnya saya ingin beli adalah teman lama saya.)	-
whom  (dengan / untuk / kepada siapa) whomever  (dengan / untuk / kepada siapapun)	Whom merupakan bentuk yang lebih formal dari who. Whom sering diawali oleh preposition (berfungsi sebagai object of preposition). Relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai objek pada adjective clause.	She is the woman to whom you should ask. (Dia wanita yang seharusnya kamu tanyai.)	Whom merupakan object of preposition “to” serta merujuk pada adjective clause yang menerangkan the woman.
		The team whom you were watching has won three gold medals. (Tim yang kamu tonton telah memenangkan tiga medali emas.)	Whom merupakan object dari verb= were watching serta memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan subjek= the team.
that	Relative pronoun ini berfungsi untuk menghubungkan noun sebagai benda atau kadang-kadang orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan adjective clause.Di dalam adjective clause, relative pronoun ini merujuk kepada subjek atau objek. That digunakan pada defining clause (restrictive). That cenderung informal (dibanding who dan which)	Cats that live in the wild may have a better immune system. (Kucing-kucing yang hidup di alam liar mungkin punya sistem imun yang lebih baik.)	That merupakan subjek dari verb= live serta memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= cats.
		The laptop that I bought five years ago is still work properly. (Laptop yang saya beli lima tahun lalu masih bekerja dengan baik.)	That merupakan objek dari verb= bought serta memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan subjek= laptop.

Daftar Pusaka

1.      http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2012/12/passive-voice-kalimat-pasif.html

2.      http://letsgostudyenglish.blogspot.com/2012/11/pengertian-contoh-dan-rumus-present.html

3.      http://letsgostudyenglish.blogspot.com/2012/11/pengertian-contoh-dan-rumus-present_17.html

4.      http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-kalimat-past-perfect-tense

5.      http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-kalimat-causative-verbs-let-make-have-get

6.      http://www.wordsmile.com/relative-pronouns