PASSIVE VOICE, CAUSATIVE VERB AND RELATIVE PRONOUN

PASSIVE VOICE

           Passive sentences or commonly known as Voice or Passive Passive Sentence or some call Passive Forms is one form of a sentence in English. In a nutshell definition of Passive Voice mean a transitive verb forms which are the subject of English grammar berpelaku sentence as 'patients', ie that receives the action of a job. Passive sentences are generally contrasted with Active Sentences or commonly known as the Active Voice, this phrase means a transitive verb form in which the subject of the sentence berpelaku as 'agents', ie the action of a job.

The shape of the Passive Voice (passive voice) is: TO BE / BE + VERB 3

In the passive form of the sentence, usually followed by the phrase "by".

1.      Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity that takes place / happening at the current time in a simple form, activity or work performed repeatedly, daily habits, events or actions that have nothing to do with time, and to express a general truth.

Simple Present Tense use this type of "TO BE 1" and "VERB 1"

TO BE 1 consisting of: am, is, are (for more information, see the following table)

I	Am
You	Are
They
We
He	Is
She
It

I	Do / Don't
You
They
We
He She It	Does / Doesn't

NOTE:
DO and DOES use the interrogative sentence.
DO NOT (DO NOT) and DOES NOT (DOES NOT) used in negative sentences.
1 TO BE (am, is, are) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB)

Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Present Tense

Expressing Simple Present Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 1 + Object
-	Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
?	DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
?	Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Example:

+	I speak English everyday She speaks English everyday
-	I don't speak English She doesn't speak English
?	Do you speak English? Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't Does she speak English? Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
?	Why do you speak English everyday ?

2.      Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is the tense used to express an action or activity that occurred in the past and the events of the time it has been known.

Simple Past Tense using the type of "TO BE 2" and "VERB 2"
TO BE 2 consists of: was and were (for more information, see the following table)

I	Was
You	Were
They
We
He	Was
She
It

I	Did / Didn't
You
They
We
He She It

NOTE:
DID use the interrogative sentence.
DID NOT (DID) is used in a negative sentence.
TO BE 2 (Was & Were) is used when a sentence no verb element (NON VERB)
VERB 2 is only used in positive sentences only.

Formulas and Example Sentence Simple Past Tense

Expressing Simple Past Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Verb 2 + Object
-	Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
?	DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
?	Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?

Example:

+	He bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
-	He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
?	Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday? Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
?	Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?

3.      Present Progressive Tense

Present Progressive Tense is the tense used to express an action, state or event that was happening at the time discussed.

NOTE:
On the use of Present Progressive Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb + ing).
Present Continuous Tense form of time using this type of "TO BE 1".

Formulas and Example Sentence Present Progressive Tense

+	Subject + To be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 1  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	We are studying now.
-	We are not (aren't) studying now.
?	Are you studying now? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau I, am not
?	What are you doing? Jawaban: I am studying now Who is studying English? Jawaban: She is studying English

4.      Past Progressive Tense 

Past Progressive Tense is the tense that is used to indicate that two events occur at the same time, but the incident occurred earlier and was still in progress when the second incident occurred.

NOTE :
On the use of Past Progressive Tense verb used must end with-ing / (Verb + ing). Progressive Tense Past tense using the type of "TO BE 2" (was / were).


Was to subject: I, she, he, it.
Were on the subject: you, they, we.

Formulas and Examples of Past Progressive Tense

+	Subject + To be 2 + (Verb + ing) + Object
-	Subject + To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
?	To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
?	Question Word + To be 2  + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?

Example :

+	I was walking down the street when it began to rain. When i was in the park, the sun was shining.
-	It was not raining when i went to the market last night. They were not playing football when you were not at home.
?	Was he studying when I arrived at home? Jawaban: Yes he was, atau he, was not
?	Why were you reading that book? What was she doing with this document when all the staff went home?

5.      Present Perfect Tense 

Present Perfect Tense is the tense used to express an action, state or event that happened in the past. And at the time of speaking activities / actions have been completed.


Present Perfect Tense using the type of "TO BE 3" and "VERB 3"
TO BE 3 is: been (for more information, see the following table)

I	been
You
They
We
He
She
It

I	Have
You
They
We
He She It	Has

NOTE

TO BE 3 (been) used as an element of a sentence no verb (NON VERB)
For all types of sentences, whether positive, negative, or interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect Tense using the VERB 3

Formulas and Example Sentence Present Perfect Tense

Expressing the Present Perfect Tense sentence that uses the verb (VERB)

+	Subject + Have/Has + Verb 3 + Object
-	Subject + Have/Has + NOT + Verb 3 + Object
?	Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
?	Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?

Example :

+	I have lived here for 2 years.
-	I have not (haven't) lived here for 2 years.
?	Have you lived here for 2 years? Jawaban: Yes I have, atau I, have not (haven't)
?	Why Have you lived here for 2 years? Who has killed her father?

6.      Past perfect tense is a verb form that is used to declare that an action has been completed at some point in the past before another action occurs. Action which has been completed in the past it may occur repeatedly or only once. In addition, the past perfect tense can also be used to establish if the type 3 conditionals and reported speech.


The formula Past Perfect Tense

  Past perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary verb "had", and the past participle (verb-3)​​. Had used for both singular and plural subjects. While past participle can be either regular or irregular verb.

Thus the formula of past perfect tense for the sentence are positive, negative, and interrogative is as follows.

Kalimat	Rumus Past Perfect Tense	Contoh Past Perfect Tense
positif (+)	S + had + Verb-3/past participle	My brother had slept
		They had come
negatif (-)	S + had + not + Verb-3/past participle	My brother hadn’t slept
		They hadn’t come
interogatif (?)	had + S + Verb-3/past participle	Had my brother come
		Had they come

 CAUSATIVE VERBS

      Causative verb is a verb that is used to indicate that the subject is not directly responsible for the action that occurred, but someone or something else that is doing the action.

Functions & Formulas Causative Verbs

Causative verb phrase is divided into two kinds, namely active (active) and passive (passive). In active sentences causative verb, an agent who worked on the action are known. In contrast, the causative verb passive sentence, the agent is usually not mentioned.

Let, make, have, and get a causative verb in common use, there is an action that uses the bare infinitive verb form (infinitive without to) and some are to the infinitive.

Examples of Causative Verbs: Active and Passive

Some examples of causative verbs in the active and passive structure is as follows.

Rumus	Verbs	Contoh Causative Verbs
Active Causative Verbs	have-had	Lala had her friend take her result test.
		The student had the teacher speak slowly.
	get-got	She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
		The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
	make-made	The woman made her daughter eat up the tomatoes.
		The manager makes her staff work hard.
	let	My father lets me choose my own future carrier.
		The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
Passive Causative Verbs	have-had	I had my house renovated last week.
		He had his book returned as soon as possible.
	get-got	Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
		Yulia got her bedroom cleane

 RELATIVE PRONOUN

          Relative Pronoun is a pronoun to form a noun that describes the relative clause in the main clause of a complex sentence. In the relative clause, the relative pronoun can function as subject, object, or possessive pronoun is where the there is no difference in the number (singular or plural) and gender (male or female). These pronouns include: who, Whom, Whose, roomates, and that indefinite pronoun and the suffix-ever, namely: whoever, whomever, and whichever.

Formulas Relative Clause and Complex Sentence

The relative pronoun is part of a relative clause that can not stand alone, but are in the complex sentence (complex sentence). While complex sentence is a combination of the independent clause (complete sentence) and the subordinate clause (relative clause). For more details picture, can be seen in the following formula.

Relative Clause = Relative Pronoun +/- Subject + Verb Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Relative Clause

Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun

Adapun contoh relative pronoun (bold) pada relative clause (garis bawah) di dalam complex sentence dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Relative Pronoun	Keterangan	Contoh Kalimat Relative Pronoun	Keterangan
who  (siapa) whoever  (siapapun)	Relative pronoun ini berfungsi menghubungkan noun berupa orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan verb pada adjective clause. Di dalam adjective clause, relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai subjek atau objek.	The boy who is playing football on the yard is my neighbour. (Anak yang sedang bermain sepakbola di lapangan adalah tetanggaku.)	Who merupakan subjek dari verb= is playing dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= the boy.
		I looked for the man who borrowed me money. (Saya mencari pria yang meminjami saya uang.)	Who merupakan subjek dari verb= borrowed dan memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan the man.
which  (yang mana) whichever  (yang manapun)	Berfungsi menghubungkan noun benda, binatang, atau kadang-kadang orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan adjective clause. Which lebih spesifik dari what. Di dalam adjective clause, relative pronoun ini merujuk kepada subjek atau objek.	The table which was made of oak wood has broken. (Meja yang dibuat dari kayu oak sudah patah.)	Which merupakan subjek dari verb=was made dan memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= the table.
		He always eats bread whichever he likes. (Dia selalu makan rotu yang manapun dia suka.)	Whichever merupakan objek dari verb= likes dan memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan direct object= bread.
whose  (punya / milik siapa)	Relative pronoun ini berfungsi untuk menyatakan kepemilikan terhadap benda maupun orang yang diterangkan pada bagian klausa-nya.	The woman whose car I want to buy is my old friend. (Wanita yang mobilnya saya ingin beli adalah teman lama saya.)	-
whom  (dengan / untuk / kepada siapa) whomever  (dengan / untuk / kepada siapapun)	Whom merupakan bentuk yang lebih formal dari who. Whom sering diawali oleh preposition (berfungsi sebagai object of preposition). Relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai objek pada adjective clause.	She is the woman to whom you should ask. (Dia wanita yang seharusnya kamu tanyai.)	Whom merupakan object of preposition “to” serta merujuk pada adjective clause yang menerangkan the woman.
		The team whom you were watching has won three gold medals. (Tim yang kamu tonton telah memenangkan tiga medali emas.)	Whom merupakan object dari verb= were watching serta memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan subjek= the team.
that	Relative pronoun ini berfungsi untuk menghubungkan noun sebagai benda atau kadang-kadang orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan adjective clause.Di dalam adjective clause, relative pronoun ini merujuk kepada subjek atau objek. That digunakan pada defining clause (restrictive). That cenderung informal (dibanding who dan which)	Cats that live in the wild may have a better immune system. (Kucing-kucing yang hidup di alam liar mungkin punya sistem imun yang lebih baik.)	That merupakan subjek dari verb= live serta memperkenalkan adjective clause yang menerangkan subjek= cats.
		The laptop that I bought five years ago is still work properly. (Laptop yang saya beli lima tahun lalu masih bekerja dengan baik.)	That merupakan objek dari verb= bought serta memperkenalkan klausa yang menerangkan subjek= laptop.

Daftar Pusaka

1.      http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2012/12/passive-voice-kalimat-pasif.html

2.      http://letsgostudyenglish.blogspot.com/2012/11/pengertian-contoh-dan-rumus-present.html

3.      http://letsgostudyenglish.blogspot.com/2012/11/pengertian-contoh-dan-rumus-present_17.html

4.      http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-kalimat-past-perfect-tense

5.      http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-kalimat-causative-verbs-let-make-have-get

6.      http://www.wordsmile.com/relative-pronouns

Affirmative & Negative Agreement

Affirmative Agreement

v Sebenarnya kata so, too, dan also mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu juga, pula, pun. Tapi dalam penggunaannya terdapat perbedaan, so digunakan sebelum tobe(s) dan auxilliaries(kata bantu).

Example:

1. My wife will talk to him and so will I

2. My wife has talked about it, and so have I

3. My wife talked about it, and so did I

4. My wife is talking about it, and so am I

Sedangkan too dan also digunakan setelah tobe(s) dan auxilliaries.

Example:

1. My wife will talk to him and I will too

2. My wife has talked about it, and I have too

3. My wife talked about it, and I did also

4. My wife is talking about it, and I am also

v    When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another does the same, use the word “so” or “too”. To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction “and”, followed by a simple statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.

1.       When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of verb be is used in the simple statement that follows.

Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too]
Example: I am happy and you are too.

Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ so + verb (be) + S ]
Example: I am happy and so are you.

2.      When a compound verb (auxiliary +verb), for example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc., occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and verb must agree.

Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ S + auxiliary only + too ]
Example: Edward should do his homework and Bella should too.

Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only + S ]
Example: Edward should do his homework and so does Bella.

3.      When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.

Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ S + do, does ,or did + too ]
Example: Jackson plays guitar every day and Jessica does too.

Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did + S ]
Example:

1.        Mark sung “moments” and so did Kevin.

2.      We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.

3.      My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.

4.      My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.

5.      They wrote a good poem, and so did he.

6.      Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.

Additional Examples:
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.
2. They will leave at noon, and I will too.
3. He has an early appointment, and so do I.
4. She has already written her composition, and so have her friends.
5. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.
6. I should go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so should my neighbor.
7. We like to swim in the pool, and they do too.
8. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so do we.
9. He has lived in Mexico for five years, and you have too.
10. I must write them a letter, and she must too.

  

Negative Agreement

v  Hampir sama dengan penjelasan affirmative agreement di atas, neither dan either memiliki arti yang sama yaitu: tidak keduanya, atau kedua-duanya tidak.
Untuk neither digunakan sebelum auxilliary verb, for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and neither will I
2. My roommate hasn't gone, and neither have I
3. My roommate doesn't go, and neither do I
4. My roommate isn't going, and neither am I

Dan untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary verb dan kata "not", for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and I won't(will not) either
2. My roommate hasn't gone, and I haven't either
3. My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either
4. My roommate isn't going, and I am not either

Hal lain yang harus diperhatikan yaitu untuk pemakaian tobe dan auxilliaries setelah kata "..and.." harus sesuai dengan tobe dan auxilliaries yang digunakan di awal kalimat, seperti :
My wife is talking about it, and so am I

My wife has talked about it, and I have too

My roommate won't go, and neither will I

My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either

Contoh kalimat lainnya:

1.      The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.

2.      We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.

3.      You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.

4.      My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.

5.      He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.

v  “Either” and “neither” function in simple statements much like “so” and “too” in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.

Negative statement + and + [ S + negative auxiliary or be + either]
Negative statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]

Examples:
I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning
I didn’t see Bella this morning and Edward didn’t either.
I didn’t see Bella this morning and neither did Edward.

Additional examples:
1. The children shouldn’t take that medicine, and neither should she.
2. We don’t plan to attend the concert, and neither do they.
3. I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t either.
4. She didn’t see anyone she knew, and neither did Tim.
5. The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad weather, and neither could the Angels.
6. Mary can’t type well, and her sister can’t either.
7. I’m not interested in reading that book, and neither is she.
8. They won’t have to work on weekends, and we won’t either.
9. I can’t stand listening to that music, and she can’t either.
10. Michael doesn’t speak English, and his family doesn’t either.
11. That scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and neither are her supervisors.
12. We can’t study in the library, and they can’t either.
13. I haven’t worked there long, and neither have you.
14. You didn’t pay the rent, and she didn’t either.
15. They didn’t want anything to drink, and neither did we.
16. John shouldn’t run so fast, and neither should you.
17. The students won’t accept the dean’s decision, and the faculty won’t either.
18. Your class hasn’t begun yet, and neither has mine.
19. She couldn’t attend the lecture, and her sister couldn’t either.
20. He didn’t know the answer, and neith

Daftar Pustaka

http://hikmawandiny.blogspot.com/2014/01/affirmative-and-negative-agreement.htm

http://fnflife.blogspot.com/2010/07/affirmative-negative-aggrement.html

THE BENEFIT OF STUDYING ENGLISH FOR FACULTY OF ECONOMICS

The English in the era of globalization is felt increasingly important role . It can not be denied because English is an international language which is used as a means of communication between people in all fields . Thus mastery of the English language is one of the essential prerequisites for a person working in the face of competition and will determine one's career development . For the people of Lombok , the needs of English language increasingly perceived urgency in line with the development of tourism and the emergence of such foreign companies on PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara , PT Floor Daniel , and others .
            For college as a " printer " labor , the need for mastery of English for prospective employment is a challenge . Universities have an obligation to equip graduates with adequate English language skills so as to compete in the job market . In the framework of this pemebekalan several universities in Indonesia have launched a program to establish S1 Plus English and / or computer as a prerequisite for graduating students. For the short term , sufficient mastery of the English language will greatly assist students in completing assignments , especially in reading text books in English .

·  English proficiency students of the Faculty of Economics on average remained at lower levels ( elementary and basic ) . Of the 99 respondents , 26 % ( 26 respondents ) were the elementary level with a range of grades 37-62 in Table ECSCS and 74 % ( 44 respondents ) at the level of the foundation / basic with a range of values ​​of 00-36 . These findings reinforce the findings of the students of the Faculty of Agriculture Unram average English skills are at the second level .

·  There is a conflict between the English language according to student needs (wants ) to what is targeted in the curriculum ( necessities ) . 75 % of students placing increasing verbal communication skills ( speaking) as the top priority in learning English followed by preparation for entering the workforce ( 13.3 % ) as a destination to learn English . While the FE curriculum establishes increased reading and writing skills that lead to English for Academic Purposes as a destination for students learning English . From the questionnaire data , only , 7.9 % of respondents placing increasing priority Reading ability to learn English .

·  Conflicts also occur between curriculum needs ( necessities ) to the beginning of the student 's ability and unit credits are allocated . The purpose of learning English in the curriculum leading to the EAP in the economic field . To achieve these goals , at least at the level of the student intermedaite . From the results of their placement test is still at the level of basic and elementary , so it takes between 150-200 hours of input , while the time available is a maximum of 48 hours ( 3 credits ) . In other words , there was a huge gap between the objectives and the ability of the student and the initial allocation of the available time .

·  The desired needs of English language students ( to improve communication skills ) in line with the needs of the labor market requires the ability to communicate to enter the world of work and the expectations of the lecturers ( FE management ) that reminds the importance of communication skills in entering the workforce .

·  To accommodate a variety of needs and existing conditions , the need for negotiation purposes for students learning English language by combining FE Unram between increasing communication skills and the ability to understand the English text in the field of economics . The next most important goal is to develop an Independent on self learning attitude of students with language learning program introducing independent (self -access language learning ) .